The Millennial Project

 a human endeavor that will last a thousand years...

Visit the Living Universe FoundationI have just read a book that has shattered my previously defeatist view of starvation, overpopulation and pollution. The book is titled: "The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps" by Marshall T. Savage and can be found in the science section of most book stores or on the internet at one of the web sites listed below.

Don't let the title fool you; this book is based upon currently available technology (or a few very small extrapolations) and all facts presented are heavily (727) referenced. After reading chapter one (Aquarius), I went to sleep thinking that there still may be hope for Earth and humanity. If you never do anything else, at least read this book or buy it as a gift for someone else. And when you're finished, be sure to pass it on to a friend or colleague so that these ideas will touch as many fertile minds as possible. The future of the Earth, and humanity, is in our hands.

Teaser 1: Virtually free electrical energy can now be generated from an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter) which is a machine to collect solar energy from the our oceans. While of tremendous use to people on Earth, this can also be used to launch rockets into Earth orbit without the use of fossil fuels.

Teaser 2: NASA's current launch locations and technology are obsolete. NASA should be launching closer to the equator where the spinning surface has the largest velocity relative to space. NASA should be launching from a higher altitude where the atmosphere is thinner. First stage chemical boosters should be replaced with an 'OTEC powered' maglev (perhaps from an extinct high-altitude volcano in Africa.)

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Book Reviews

"I am completely awed, and I don't awe easily, by the author's command of a dozen engineering disciplines and his amazing knowledge of scientific and technical literature"

From the introduction to the 2nd edition by Arthur C. Clarke, Sci-Fi Author ("2001: A Space Odyssey", "2010: Odyssey Two", "2061; Odyssey Three", "3001: The Final Odyssey", "Rendezvous with Rama", etc.) and inventor of the Geo-stationary Communications Satellite concept.

Read Arthur C. Clarke's preface to the second edition


This is a coherent plan to get humanity moving into the stars in the next thousand years, and ... there is both vision and practical plan here.

Dr. Jerry Pournelle, Sci-Fi Author and regular columnist at Byte Magazine


"Marshall T. Savage has a wonderful plan. Between the sea cities and the Dyson shell are ideas both familiar and brilliantly original"

Larry Niven, Sci-Fi Author


"An important and eventually practical way to get all of our eggs (literally) out of the single basket of this planet"

Hugh Downs, Author and Commentator


We live on a planet that cannot sustain us much longer. Across the globe the twin problems of overpopulation and environmental destruction threaten to make Earth uninhabitable. In this compelling book, pragmatic visionary Marshall Savage contends that we must alter our galactic course and colonize the stars in order to survive. He offers a fascinating and believable plan for doing so.

Publisher's Synopsis from the rear cover of the book


"It is our destiny to colonize space", announces the author in the first line of this fascinating book. And then he shows us how to go about that seemingly impossible mission in eight (sort of easy) steps. For example, Aquarius, the proposed second step, describes how building floating colonies in tropical waters - using simple engineering and natural aqua culture to reverse the greenhouse effect and end world hunger - will both halt the decline of the planet and prepare us psychologically for the break with Earth. Although the plan sounds far-fetched, Savage explains every detail, from how to build the Ocean Thermal Energy Converters (OTEC) at the heart of this scheme to why cultivating algae will provide an abundant protein source and rid us of the dangerously high carbon monoxide levels that threaten life on the planet. Savage not only transforms an enormously complicated plan into compelling reading, he also makes appealing the prospect of our life in space.


In this boldly optimistic manifesto, Savage proclaims a master plan for the human race: to spread life throughout the galaxy. To many, space exploration seems irrelevant to Earth's real problems; but humanity may in fact have no other way to secure its long-term survival. To remain confined to Earth, Savage claims, is to court extinction, possibly within a few decades. Savage (an engineer who has established the Millennial Foundation to promote space exploration) outlines his program for transferring a significant portion of humanity off-planet. The crucial first step is to colonize the ocean surface with floating cities, quadrupling the living space available to the growing population of Earth. This allows us to reverse the degradation of the environment by shifting to the thermal energy of the deep ocean as our primary power source. At the same time, spirulina algae (already on sale in health food stores) becomes a major new food crop. The hardware for these oceanic colonies is already within practical reach: Savage provides a detailed inventory of how his floating cities would work and support themselves, with copious citations of the scientific literature. Once this move is well underway, it frees up energy and resources for the next steps. Improved space vehicles make possible orbiting space colonies, then settlements on the moon. A larger step is terra-forming Mars--creating an atmosphere and a water supply for our lifeless neighbor to form a human habitat. On an even longer time scale, the race can expand into the rest of the solar system: asteroids and the moons of other planets. Ultimately, artificial habitats may completely surround the sun. With the resources of an entire solar system at our command, according to Savage, humanity can at last send out emissaries to other stars. The stuff of science fiction? Of course--but rigorously built from existing science, carefully documented, and convincingly argued. Highly recommended.

Where to Buy The Book Online

Prices at:
SC-2cd Edition: C$19.76 Chapters.ca
SC-2nd Edition: US$12.02 Amazon.com 

Notes:
  1. An introduction by Arthur C. Clarke will only be found in the second edition
    Note: his name on the cover was the only reason I opened the book in the first place
  2. Canadians will get a much better deal by ordering from Chapters.ca
  3. Price Notes:
    1. SC = Soft Cover
    2. HC = Hard Cover
    3. Prices are approximate for 2000.03.12 and are subject to change without notice
    4. Prices don't including shipping
  4. Hard Cover editions may be found here: http://www.bookfinder.com/

Links + Web Ring

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Eight Easy Steps (a.k.a. the Chapter Names)

fmf chapter photos

a. Introduction by Arthur C. Clarke

Read Arthur C. Clarke's preface

b. Introduction by Marshall Savage (the author)

Read Marshall T. Savage's (the author) introduction to the book

1. Foundation - The Millennial Movement (Done!)

Constitute the First Millennial Foundation, an organization convened to realize these destinies.

This step is now complete.

2. Aquarius - Space Colony at Sea (We could do this now!)

Grow floating cities at sea to feed the world and learn the lessons of space colonization.

The author discusses a device called OTEC (Ocean Temperature Energy Converter) which is used to generate electricity, hydrogen, and distilled water. Most OTEC designs are closed cycle and emphasize power generation. The Millennial OTEC designs are open cycle and emphasize pumping nutrient rich water 1000 m (3300 ft) from the ocean floor to support food production at the surface.

3. Bifrost - 21st Century Launch System (We could begin this now!)

Construct a bridge to space using a combination of electromagnetic mass drivers and ice fueled rockets controlled by ground powered free electron lasers. (when the ice turns to steam you get thrust)

The author explains why chemical rockets are obsolete (a least for deep gravity well launches like the surface of the Earth) a need to be replaced with more modern launch technology. The author also explains why NASA's current launch locations are wrong which then translate into larger launch costs.

4. Asgard - Space Colony in Orbit

Establish habitable ecospheres in space.

Believe it or not, Asgard seems more thought out than NASA's space station "Freedom" (now called the International Space Station)
The author hints at a "Dyson Cloud" concept near the end of this chapter. See chapter 7 (Solaria) for a better explanation.

5. Avallon - Ecospheres on the Moon

Build domes over craters on the moon, creating miniature ecologies and communities.

The author's description of life on the moon makes every other one I've ever read about seem lame by comparison. In fact, his vision of monorails between domed cities reminds of aerial shots of Mars on Babylon 5.

6. Elysium - Terraforming Mars

Terraform Mars to create a living planet to sustain us.

7. Solaria - Colonizing the Solar System

Transmute the substance of our solar system. (plans for a "Dyson Sphere" and a more probable "Dyson Cloud" are included)

8. Galactia - Colonizing the Galaxy

Colonize the stars

- Prelude

the author's summation

- Appendices

Appendix 1 (Aquarius)

1.1 Oceanic Thermal Resources
1.2 Reductions in Floor-space Requirements
1.3 Breakwater Barrier Specs.
1.4 Anchoring
1.5 Nutrients in Deep Sea Water
1.6 Spirulina Farming
1.7 Capital Costs

Appendix 2 (Bifrost)

2.1 Rocket Science
2.2 Bifrost's Costs

Appendix 3 (Asgard)

3.1 Bubble Membrane
3.2 Cable Nets
3.3 Algae System
3.4 Ecosphere Economics
3.5 Economy of Scale
3.6 Radiation Hazards
3.7 Active Radiation Shields
3.8 Earth-Moon Network

Appendix 6 (Solaria)

6.1 Population Dynamics

Appendix 8 (Foundation)

8.1 LASER

- Bibliography

22 pages of source references (impressive)
- End Notes
references to 727 subscripts in the first 8 chapters (impressive)

Final Thoughts

Facts...
  1. In "2001: A Space Odyssey", author Arthur C. Clarke tells us that another race is using "monolith" space probes to sew the seeds of intelligence through out the universe.
  2. In the "The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps", author Marshall T. Savage tells us that we should assume..
Therefore...
  1. Has anyone considered the possibility that we could be the builders of a future monolith (probe) that will visit a planet to tinker with the minds of creatures that have evolved from a seeding mission by us millions of years earlier?
  2. I wonder what Arthur C. Clarke would have to say about this? (Arthur! If you ever read this, please drop me a line with your thoughts.)

The Millennial concept seemed to strike a chord with me at a time when the probability of humanity's future seemed low. I only wish that Gene Roddenberry were still alive. He'd integrate these ideas into a believable screen vision of the future that would make current science fiction fare seem like the original Buck Rogers films by comparison. (Star Trek notwithstanding; does anyone remember Gene's view of the future through such projects as Genesis II, Questor, and Earth II?). Someone should approach Rick Berman and/or Michael Pillar about this suggestion (at the very least I would like to see a view of Aquarius from a landing shuttle craft in the next "Star Trek" movie)


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Neil Rieck
Kitchener - Waterloo - Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.